Table 1 Decoupling elasticities

EU-13

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.1861187

E _MF = 0.3828582

E _LU = −4.938467

AT

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.2939238

E _MF = −0.5953375

E _LU = −4.953718

DK

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.0399113

E _MF = 0.2761444

E _LU = −3.825032

FI

1990–2011

E _GHG = −0.2397115

E _MF = 0.6710521

E _LU = −9.23818

FR

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.5328471

E _MF = 0.4059508

E _LU = −4.063223

DE

1990–2011

E _GHG = −0.6367887

E _MF = −0.3449856

E _LU = 1.700767

EL

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.3633368

E _MF = 0.3474602

E _LU = −6.34446

IE

1990–2011

E _GHG = 1.697216

E _MF = 0.031463

E _LU = −3.366314

IT

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.8665963

E _MF = 0.1344858

E _LU = −3.820617

NL

1990–2011

E _GHG = −0.3733235

E _MF = 0.0468748

E _LU = −3.049892

PT

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.2559368

E _MF = 0.109385

E _LU = −2.32407

ES

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.7156735

E _MF = −0.0958734

E _LU = −1.604165

SE

1990–2011

E _GHG = −0.6977369

E _MF = 0.6773881

E _LU = −4.453933

UK

1990–2011

E _GHG = 0.8717215

E _MF = 1.308675

E _LU = −16.33951