Baseline analysis of productivity changes with and without considering carbon dioxide emissions in the major manufacturing sector of Indonesia

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 3 Selected studies using the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index to analyze TFP growth

Authors	Topics			TFP growth
Authors	Topics	Unit of analysis	Period	Without undesirable output (%)	With undesirable output (%)
1. Chung et al. [13]	Swedish pulp and paper industry:	Firm	1986–1990	−0.3	3.9
	Inputs: labor, wood fiber, energy, capital
	Desirable outputs: pulp
	Undesirable outputs: BOD, COD, and SS
2. Färe et al. [14]	US State manufacturing air pollution emission:	Industry	1974–1986	16.9	36.3
	Inputs: employees, capital
	Desirable output: Gross State Product
	Undesirable outputs: SOx, CO
3. Kumar [18]	41 developed and developing countries:	Country	1971–1992	−0.002	0.02
	Inputs: labor, capital, energy consumption
	Desirable output: GDP
	Undesirable output: CO₂
4. Zhang et al. [20]	China’s 30 provincial regions:	Province	1989–2008	4.84	2.46
	Inputs: labor, capital
	Desirable output: GDP
	Undesirable output: SO₂
5. He et al. [16]	China’s iron and steel industry:	Firm	2006–2008	19.2	19.8
	Inputs: net fixed assets, employees, energy
	Desirable output: value added
	Undesirable output: waste water, waste gas, solid waste

TFP total factor productivity, GDP gross domestic product, BOD biochemical oxygen demand, COD chemical oxygen demand, SS suspended solids, SOx sulphur oxide