The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 3 Determinants of environmental efficiency with cross-terms
SO2 | NOx | PM10 | CO2 | SO2 | NOx | PM10 | CO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed | ||||||||
ln I | 0.180** | 0.163*** | 0.117* | 0.270** | 0.267*** | 0.228*** | 0.192*** | 0.335*** |
(0.077) | (0.060) | (0.059) | (0.106) | (0.075) | (0.053) | (0.055) | (0.083) | |
ln K/L | −0.036 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.031 | −0.252*** | −0.177*** | −0.170** | −0.214*** |
(0.094) | (0.071) | (0.079) | (0.103) | (0.082) | (0.065) | (0.071) | (0.077) | |
ln T | 0.094* | 0.052 | 0.053 | −0.049 | 0.095 | 0.042 | 0.058 | −0.082 |
(0.053) | (0.037) | (0.044) | (0.077) | (0.071) | (0.047) | (0.057) | (0.109) | |
ln T RI | 0.059* | 0.038*** | 0.036*** | 0.046*** | 0.046 | 0.028*** | 0.025** | 0.035** |
(0.033) | (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.031) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
lnT RKL | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.016 | −0.016 | 0.015 | 0.02 | 0.027 | 0.002 |
(0.033) | (0.022) | (0.026) | (0.038) | (0.031) | (0.022) | (0.025) | (0.034) | |
Constant | −1.281 | −1.543** | −1.129 | −2.012* | −0.049 | −0.23 | −0.102 | −0.224 |
(0.785) | (0.608) | (0.685) | (1.068) | (0.718) | (0.658) | (0.677) | (0.686) | |
Time dummies | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Adj R2 | 0.189 | 0.246 | 0.19 | 0.057 | 0.298 | 0.385 | 0.288 | 0.137 |
Random | ||||||||
ln I | 0.201*** | 0.187*** | 0.145** | 0.283*** | 0.275*** | 0.240*** | 0.212*** | 0.340*** |
(0.074) | (0.062) | (0.062) | (0.110) | (0.072) | (0.052) | (0.055) | (0.090) | |
ln K/L | −0.076 | −0.019 | −0.022 | −0.039 | −0.256*** | −0.182*** | −0.176*** | −0.240*** |
(0.085) | (0.068) | (0.075) | (0.087) | (0.075) | (0.061) | (0.067) | (0.072) | |
ln T | 0.086** | 0.048 | 0.046 | −0.022 | 0.074 | 0.028 | 0.041 | −0.074 |
(0.043) | (0.032) | (0.037) | (0.052) | (0.061) | (0.041) | (0.049) | (0.079) | |
ln T RI | 0.055* | 0.035*** | 0.033*** | 0.044** | 0.045 | 0.027*** | 0.023** | 0.035** |
(0.030) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.018) | (0.029) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.017) | |
lnT RKL | −0.005 | −0.001 | 0.01 | −0.025 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.024 | −0.004 |
(0.032) | (0.019) | (0.023) | (0.037) | (0.030) | (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.033) | |
Constant | −0.956 | −1.254** | −0.912 | −1.442 | 0.013 | −0.225 | −0.125 | −0.014 |
(0.691) | (0.522) | (0.587) | (0.898) | (0.618) | (0.564) | (0.560) | (0.606) | |
Time dummies | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Adj R2 | 0.21 | 0.278 | 0.213 | 0.078 | 0.312 | 0.406 | 0.309 | 0.153 |
N | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 | 3439 |
Hausman | 50.72*** | 93.65*** | 61.49*** | 30.76*** | 17.68 | 26.43 | 25.42 | 6.99 |