Estimating the growth effects of services sector: a cointegration analysis for Pakistan

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 1 Unit root tests without structural breaks

	τ _u	τ _t	τ		τ _u	τ _t	τ	Method
ln gdp	−0.420	−1.690	6.030^a	Δln gdp	−4.680^a	−4.650^a	NA	PP^b
	−0.400	−1.770	2.130		−4.700^a	−4.640^a	7.319^a	ADF^c
lser	−1.787	−1.290	5.040^a	Δlser	−3.600^a	−4.523^a	NA	PP
	0.891	−1.740	2.130		−3.610^a	−3.750^a	−4.850^a	ADF
lwrt	−1.440	−2.060	2.950	Δlwrt	−3.690^a	−3.720^a	−2.610	PP
	−1.540	−1.990	4.060^a		−3.650^a	−3.670^a	NA	ADF
fi	0.620	−2.660	4.500^a	Δfi	−3.650^a	−3.740^a	NA	PP
	1.010	−2.770	2.900		−3.690^a	−3.760^a	−2.090	ADF
tc	−2.420	−0.890	12.510^a	Δtc	−4.620^a	−5.070^a	−NA	PP
	−2.400	−0.860	14.260^a		−4.640^a	−5.060^a	NA	ADF
edu	−0.420	−1.690	6.030^a	Δedu	−4.680^a	−4.650^a	NA	PP
	−0.400	−1.770	7.130^a		−4.700^a	−4.640^a	NA	ADF
hlt	−2.850	−2.840	−0.250	Δhlt	−7.180^a	−7.150^a	−7.360^a	PP
	−2.770	−2.750	−0.200		−6.220^a	−6.130^a	−6.310^a	ADF
lcap	−2.100	−1.980	0.000	Δlcap	−4.510^a	−4.380^a	−4.610^a	PP
	−2.420	−4.300^a	−0.120		−4.490^a	NA	−4.560^a	ADF
lopen	−2.850	−2.840	−0.250	Δlopen	−7.180^a	−7.150^a	−7.360^a	PP
	−2.770	−2.750	−0.200		−6.220^a	−6.130^a	−6.310^a	ADF
lcpi	−1.780	−4.290^a	5.040^a	Δlcpi	−3.600^a	NA	NA	PP
	0.890	−2.740	3.130		−3.610^a	−3.750^a	NA	ADF

τ _u is the model with an intercept and without trend;τ _t represents with an intercept and trend; and τ is without an intercept and trend
^a Implies that the data series is stationary
^bPP is an abbreviation of Phillips and Perron test for unit root
^cAbbreviation of augmented Dickey–Fuller test for unit root