Table 3 Innovation backward and forward linkages

(a)

 Chemical

55

(36,491)

1800***

(50)

50

(26,723)

2375***

(44)

 Petroleum

10

(32)

18

(33)

−6

(30)

18

(31)

 Leather

−69

(49)

45

(48)

−37

(51)

35

(49)

 Clay and glass

3396

(10,559)

662

(10,522)

4313

(10,841)

584

(10,801)

 Primary metal

1014

(1168)

−30,767***

(1170)

798

(1286)

−26,815***

(1285)

 Fabricated metal

−361

(310)

183

(332)

−128

(277)

145

(295)

 Machinery

30*

(16)

−38

(35)

25

(15)

−28

(34)

 Electrical machinery

29

(978)

25

(993)

298

(866)

132

(878)

 Motor vehicle

86

(94)

19

(96)

125

(95)

22

(98)

 Transportation equipment

604**

(302)

181

(303)

618**

(252)

197

(259)

 Instrument

12

(32)

319***

(29)

5

(27)

237***

(24)

 Rubber

234*

(139)

4414***

(148)

212*

(123)

4946***

(134)

 Misc. manufacturing

499

(1066)

248

(1089)

497

(987)

226

(1008)

 Transportation

636**

(274)

−803***

(274)

386*

(231)

−452*

(237)

Communication

−29,123

(36,675)

747

(36,490)

−24,964

(26,843)

568

(26,722)

(b)

 Chemical

0.539

(0.836)

2.031***

(0.705)

0.529

(0.730)

1.729***

(0.617)

 Petroleum

0.307

(0.518)

0.620*

(0.373)

−0.074

(0.490)

0.906***

(0.308)

 Leather

0.805***

(0.233)

2.184***

(0.812)

0.785***

(0.246)

2.027***

(0.618)

 Clay and glass

0.711**

(0.295)

−0.530

(0.807)

0.585*

(0.302)

−0.682

(0.732)

 Primary metal

0.735**

(0.318)

−0.418

(0.873)

0.578**

(0.275)

−0.100

(0.724)

 Fabricated metal

0.403*

(0.224)

2.602**

(1.204)

0.441**

(0.192)

2.649**

(1.047)

 Machinery

0.313

(0.296)

−0.424**

(1.204)

0.357

(0.273)

−0.521

(0.938)

 Electrical machinery

0.733

(0.516)

−0.251

(0.598)

0.726

(0.472)

−0.126

(0.528)

 Motor vehicle

0.142

(0.235)

3.786***

(0.984)

0.205

(0.206)

3.153**

(0.858)

 Transportation equipment

0.037

(0.374)

0.339

(0.664)

0.224

(0.301)

0.458

(0.568)

 Instrument

1.120***

(0.402)

−0.932

(0.620)

0.814**

(0.342)

−0.857

(0.514)

 Rubber

0.645

(0.403)

−2.224**

(0.959)

0.562

(0.374)

−2.211***

(0.846)

 Misc. manufacturing

0.167

(0.223)

1.495*

(0.856)

0.311

(0.196)

0.739

(0.692)

 Transportation

0.592**

(0.286)

−2.263***

(0.730)

0.383

(0.272)

−1.279**

(0.636)

 Communication

0.196

(0.765)

1.429***

(0.408)

0.363

(0.586)

0.905**

(0.359)