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The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 2 The driving forces of total factor productivity index of economic systems by country

From: Determining economic productivity under environmental and resource pressures: an empirical application

T

DMU

Total factor productivity

The primary driving force of productivity

The primary driving force of efficiency change

1990–2011

Germany

Productivity loss

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

Greece

Productivity loss

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

Netherlands

Productivity gains

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

Finland

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in pure technical efficiency

1990–2011

Italy

Productivity gains

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

Portugal

Productivity gains

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

Spain

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in pure technical efficiency

1990–2011

EU-13

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in pure technical efficiency

1990–2011

Ireland

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in scale efficiency

1990–2011

Austria

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in scale efficiency

1990–2011

Sweden

Productivity gains

Technological progress

 

1990–2011

UK

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in scale efficiency

1990–2011

France

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in pure technical efficiency

1990–2011

Denmark

Productivity gains

Improvement in efficiency

Improvement in pure technical efficiency