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Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 Unit root testing

From: Innovation, total factor productivity and economic growth in Pakistan: a policy perspective

Variables

Level

First difference

Constant

Constant plus trend

Constant

Constant plus trend

Conclusion

\( {\text{LPN}}_{\text{t}} \)

− 2.44

− 2.68

− 8.51*

− 8.45*

I(1)

\( {\text{LPR}}_{\text{t}} \)

− 3.84**

− 3.46**

− 9.88*

− 9.79*

I(0)

\( {\text{GDP}}_{\text{t}} \)

− 0.38

− 1.69

− 5.30*

− 5.30*

I(1)

\( {\text{TFP}}_{\text{t}} \)

− 2.69**

− 1.12

− 5.24*

− 6.69*

I(0)

  1. Where *and ** denotes 1% and 5% level of significance
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