Unemployment and the European Union, 2000–2017: structural exploration of distant past economic experience and future prosperity

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 2 Panel unit-root tests

Data form	Variable	Common unit root (Levin et al. 2002)
Data form	Variable	Individual intercepts (exogenous variable)	Individual intercepts and trends (exogenous variables)
Level	Capital, log	− 4.321 [0.000]***	− 4.150 [0.000]***
Level	Inflation, %	− 12.849 [0.000]***	− 9.908 [0.000]***
Level	Labor, log	− 5.702 [0.000]***	− 4.616 [0.000]***
Level	Real GDP, log	− 2.215 [0.013]**	− 3.807 [0.000]***
Level	Unemployment, %	− 5.339 [0.000]***	− 2.781 [0.003]***
Level	Trade, %	− 0.808 [0.210]	− 3.275 [0.001]***

***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. Values in square brackets are probability values. Lag lengths of each unit-root test determined by AIC and SIC are similar. The null hypothesis is a unit root against the alternative of no unit root. All results are calculated using EViews (version 8) panel unit-root tests