The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 1 Unit root test results
From: THE impact of remittance inflows on poverty in Botswana: an ARDL approach
DF-GLS, PP(root) and PPU (root) tests | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dickey-Fuller generalised least square (DF-GLS) | PP (root) test | PPU(root) test | ||||||||||
Variable | Stationarity of all variables in levels | Stationarity of all variables in first difference | Stationarity of all variables in levels | Stationarity of all variables in first difference | Stationarity of all variables in levels | Stationarity of all variables in first difference | ||||||
Without trend | With trend | Without trend | With trend | Without trend | With trend | Without trend | With trend | Without trend | With trend | Without trend | With trend | |
HHC | − 4.7992*** | − 2.1125 | – | − 5.4253*** | − 2.3701 | − 2.3230 | − 8.7848*** | − 5.7903*** | − 3.0025 | − 3.9195 | − 6.6084*** | − 6.3298*** |
INFA | − 2.3094 | − 3.3981* | − 8.8734*** | – | − 2.2318 | − 3.5114* | − 8.7848**** | – | − 4.0837 | − 4.0811 | − 9.5025*** | − 9.8399*** |
REM | − 0.2259 | − 1.7454 | − 1.8385* | − 3.5280** | − 4.1699*** | − 3.5174* | – | – | − 4.6218 | − 4.0459 | − 7.5698*** | − 9.6037*** |
EDU | − 0.9543 | − 1.4020 | − 3.7208*** | 5.6913*** | − 4.0929*** | − 2.4635 | – | − 5.9006*** | − 2.8468 | − 3.1261 | − 7.0933*** | − 7.1587*** |
TOP | − 1.4826 | − 1.8635 | − 5.6487*** | − 5.5158*** | − 1.8319 | − 1.9081 | − 5.5688*** | − 5.4953*** | − 3.1992 | − 3.2132 | − 5.7212** | − 6.4031*** |
GDPC | − 0.5747 | − 2.1439 | − 6.3333*** | − 6.2498*** | − 0.5553 | − 3.2360** | − 7.5580*** | – | − 3.4699 | − 3.9018 | − 7.0933*** | − 7.1587*** |
INF | − 2.3094 | − 3.3981* | − 8.8734*** | – | − 2.2318 | − 3.5114* | v8.7848** | – | − 4.0887 | − − 4.0811 | − 9.5025*** | − 9.8399*** |