The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 1 Test of stationarity of health and education expenditures and health output
From: Government expenditure on human capital and growth in Namibia: a time series analysis
Variable | Level | 1st Diff. | 2nd Diff. | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ï„ | Ï„ | Ï„ | ||
Health expenditure | − 1.211 | − 3.255 |  | I (1) |
Education expenditure | − 0.213 | − 6.629 |  | I (1) |
Life expectancy at birth | − 1.416 | − 0.462 | − 4.042 | I (2) |
Female mortality rate | − 2.4934 | − 1.634 | − 5.499 | I (2) |
Male mortality rate | − 2.5266 | − 1.5237 | − 5.518 | I (2) |
Infant mortality rate | 0.585 | − 6.863 |  | I (1) |
Under-5 mortality rate | 0.830 | − 5.036 |  | I (1) |
Fertility rate | 2.946 | − 3.393 |  | I (1) |
Adult literacy rate | − 1.433 | − 3.266 |  | I (1) |
Elderly literacy rate | − 0.3441 | − 4.402 |  | I (1) |
Youth literacy rate | − 0.9857 | − 3.4127 |  | I (1) |
Primary enrolment rate (G) | − 1.273 | − 1.6022 | − 7.425 | I (2) |
Secondary enrolment rate (G) | − 1.617 | − 3.521 |  | I (1) |
Tertiary enrolment rate (G) | − 0.693 | − 4.927 |  | I (1) |
Primary enrolment rate (N) | − 2.867 | − 6.172 |  | I (1) |
Secondary enrolment rate (N) | − 2.182 | − 3.876 |  | I (1) |
P/C edu. expenditure | − 0.214 | − 6.628 |  | I (1) |
P/C health expenditure | − 1.213 | − 3.249 |  | I (1) |
P/C total expenditure | 0.5397 | − 7.324 |  | I (1) |
P/C GDP | 1.7274 | − 3.530 |  | I (1) |
Critical value at | 1% = − 3.689 | 1% = − 3.639 | 1% = − 3.646 |  |
5% = − 2.971 | 5% = − 2.951 | 5% = − 2.954 |  |