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The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables used in the models

From: Do farm-level technical efficiency and welfare complement each other? Insight from Ghana’s cocoa industry

Variable

Description/unit of measure

Mean

SD

Output/hectare

Quantity of cocoa beans per hectare in kilograms

452.61

282.78

Welfare

Consumption expenditure per capita (GH¢)

2040.91

1602.19

Inputs for DEA analysis

 Farm size

Farm size under cocoa in hectare

2.92

1.75

 Labor per hectare

Man-days per hectare (8 h/man-day)

110.34

101.45

 Fertilizer per hectare

Quantity of fertilizer in kilograms per hectare

81.19

90.44

 Pesticides per hectare

Quantity of pesticides in grams per hectare

1026.07

1802.8

Variables for other models

 Gender

Proportion of male-headed households (male = 1)

0.71

 

 Household size

Number of members in the household

6.12

2.81

 Education

Number of years in formal education

6.41

5.13

 Non-farm income

Proportion of farmer’s spouse that engage in off-farm income (non-farm income = 1)

0.44

 

 Cocoa farm income

Income from cocoa farm in GH¢

8335.01

6568.44

 Other crops income

Income from other crops in GH¢

801.66

1311.79

 Cocoa demonstration farm

Proportion farmers that had attended cocoa demonstration farms (attendance = 1)

0.39

 

 Extension service

Number of times farmer received extension services

1.46

1.81

 Farm seminar/workshop

Proportion of farmers that attended farm seminar (attendance = 1)

0.485

 

 Pesticides application

Frequency of pesticides application (count)

4.62

2.68

 Number of plots

Count

1.37

0.96

 Brong-Ahafo region

Proportion of sample drawn from the region

0.18

 

 Eastern region

Proportion of sample drawn from the region

0.24

 

 Ashanti region

Proportion of sample drawn from the region

0.18

 
  1. SD standard deviation, GH¢ Ghana’s currency