The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 2 ADF and PP unit root tests for stationarity: levels and first difference.
Variables | Levels | FIRST difference |
|---|---|---|
T-Stat | T-Stat | |
ADF-test | ||
GDS | − 1.448 | − 3.957*** |
DIR | − 2.114 | − 5.406*** |
GDPg | − 4.597*** | – |
M2 | − 0.960 | − 5.717*** |
CAB | − 3.071** | – |
GNE | − 2.482 | − 6.426*** |
FDI | − 1.598 | − 5.329*** |
Critical values | 1%, − 3.675 | 1%, − 3.689 |
5%,− 2.969 | 5%, − 2.975 | |
10%, − 2.617 | 10%, − 2.619 | |
Phillips Peron test | ||
GDS | − 1.293 | − 6.972*** |
DIR | − 2.092 | − 5.388*** |
GDPg | − 7.081*** | – |
M2 | − 0.797 | − 5.754*** |
CAB | − 3.242** | – |
GNE | − 2.497 | − 6.551*** |
FDI | − 1.487 | − 5.290*** |
Critical values | 1%, − 3.668 | 1%, − 3.675 |
5%, − 2.966 | 5%, − 2.969 | |
10%, − 2.616 | 10%, − 2.617 | |