Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 IRF estimates

From: Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates

Response of DLOG (CRIME):
Period	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.108	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2016	− 0.0006	− 0.009	− 0.0004	− 0.0005	− 0.001	0.003	0.0005	− 0.009
2017	− 0.006	0.024	− 0.005	− 0.002	0.005	0.007	− 0.009	0.006
2018	4.74E −05	− 0.003	0.001	0.003	0.003	− 0.0004	0.002	− 0.001
2019	6.05E−05	− 0.003	− 0.0004	− 0.001	− 0.001	− 0.0009	0.0007	7.27E−05
2020	− 0.0002	0.0005	4.42E−05	0.0001	− 8.24E−05	0.0004	− 0.0007	0.000647
2021	4.38E− 05	0.0003	− 2.17E− 05	− 3.35E−05	9.11E−06	− 9.41E−05	0.0003	2.36E−05
2022	− 1.40E−05	− 0.0001	1.67E−05	− 9.26E−05	− 5.92E−05	4.49E−05	5.62E−05	0.000140
2023	3.04E−05	4.81E−05	4.41E−05	9.98E−05	− 1.33E−05	1.75E−06	− 6.97E−05	1.03E−05
2024	2.78E−06	1.05E−05	1.23E−05	− 3.85E−05	− 3.00E−06	− 2.48E−05	2.19E−05	5.90E−06

Response of DLOG (POVHCR):
Period	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	− 0.089	0.448	0	0	0	0	0	0
2016	0.039	− 0.058	0.047	0.060	0.032	− 0.023	− 0.011	− 0.026
2017	0.023	− 0.038	0.009	0.014	− 0.006	− 0.029	− 0.020	− 0.042
2018	− 0.004	0.010	− 0.004	− 0.013	0.005	0.002	− 0.011	− 0.001
2019	− 0.001	0.004	− 0.004	0.004	0.006	0.004	0.0008	− 0.002
2020	− 0.000	− 0.003	− 0.001	− 0.0008	0.0005	− 0.001	0.003	− 0.002
2021	− 0.000410	− 0.001	− 0.0003	− 0.0003	− 0.0006	0.0004	− 0.001	− 0.000
2022	5.08E−05	0.0002	− 0.0001	0.0003	2.83E−05	− 0.0001	− 1.53E−05	− 0.0005
2023	− 9.16E−05	− 0.0001	− 0.0002	− 0.0003	− 4.76E−05	− 4.20E−05	0.0002	− 0.0001
2024	2.74E−06	− 1.19E−05	− 4.83E−05	0.0001	− 1.01E−06	7.74E−05	− 8.97E−05	− 8.10E−05

Response of DLOG(GINI):
Period	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	− 0.0002	0.006	0.022	0	0	0	0	0
2016	− 0.0006	− 0.0007	0.001	0.002	− 0.001	9.12E−05	− 0.0004	− 0.0004
2017	− 0.001	0.001	0.001	0.0006	0.001	− 3.32E−05	− 0.0002	5.86E−05
2018	− 0.0001	7.10E−05	0.0002	− 0.0002	8.98E−05	0.0001	− 3.04E−05	0.0001
2019	− 1.41E−05	− 0.0004	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	2.06E−06	− 8.90E−05	0.0001
2020	− 6.37E−05	6.40E−05	− 1.32E−05	− 9.40E−05	− 2.29E−05	− 2.04E−05	6.65E−05	5.88E−05
2021	− 2.52E−05	2.25E−05	1.71E−05	− 2.51E−05	3.23E−06	5.03E−05	3.23E−07	0.0001
2022	9.23E−06	− 2.43E−06	1.77E−05	3.09E−05	− 6.18E−06	− 4.49E−06	1.31E−05	1.67E−05
2023	− 7.45E−07	− 8.83E−08	8.92E−06	− 1.71E−05	− 8.24E−06	− 4.67E−06	4.76E−06	1.96E−05
2024	6.68E−07	6.45E−06	5.20E−06	5.13E−06	− 7.18E−07	5.17E−06	− 6.70E−06	1.19E−05

Response of DLOG (GDPPC):
Period	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	− 0.005	− 0.004	0.002	− 0.009	− 0.003	0.014	0.002	0.028
2016	− 0.002	0.001	1.48E−06	0.002	− 0.0002	0.004	0.001	0.008
2017	− 0.001	0.001	0.001	− 0.003	− 0.001	0.0001	0.003	0.006
2018	− 6.20E−05	0.0002	0.001	0.0006	− 0.001	0.0009	− 0.0002	0.003
2019	0.0003	0.0006	0.0009	0.0001	− 0.0003	− 0.0003	0.0002	0.001
2020	3.85E−05	0.0002	0.0004	− 0.0002	− 0.0001	8.60E−05	− 3.97E−05	0.0009
2021	8.49E−05	0.0002	0.0002	0.0001	1.96E−05	7.14E−05	− 0.0001	0.0004
2022	2.36E−05	6.57E−05	0.0001	− 4.36E−05	− 2.77E−06	− 3.43E−05	5.19E−05	0.0002
2023	1.00E−06	3.23E−05	5.74E−05	− 5.90E−06	− 5.82E−06	3.49E−05	− 3.36E−05	0.0001
2024	9.15E−06	2.64E−05	3.56E−05	1.83E−05	2.83E−06	2.43E−07	− 3.59E−07	6.50E−05

‘D’ shows first difference, while ‘LOG’ represents natural logarithm

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