Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 5 VDA estimates. Source: authors’ estimation

From: Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates

VDA of DLOG(CRIME):
Period	S.E.	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.108	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2016	0.109	98.336	0.747	0.001	0.002	0.019	0.105	0.002	0.784
2017	0.113	91.843	5.308	0.203	0.061	0.248	0.554	0.673	1.107
2018	0.113	91.554	5.382	0.211	0.131	0.331	0.553	0.720	1.113
2019	0.113	91.436	5.463	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.559	0.723	1.112
2020	0.113	91.425	5.464	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.561	0.727	1.115
2021	0.113	91.423	5.465	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.561	0.729	1.115
2022	0.113	91.422	5.465	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.561	0.729	1.115
2023	0.113	91.422	5.465	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.561	0.729	1.115
2024	0.113	91.422	5.465	0.213	0.148	0.343	0.561	0.729	1.115

VDA of DLOG(POVHCR):
Period	S.E.	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.457	3.818	96.181	0	0	0	0	0	0
2016	0.471	4.308	91.952	1.009	1.619	0.474	0.253	0.060	0.321
2017	0.477	4.453	90.385	1.025	1.669	0.481	0.629	0.237	1.116
2018	0.477	4.452	90.233	1.034	1.743	0.496	0.630	0.294	1.115
2019	0.477	4.450	90.192	1.042	1.751	0.512	0.638	0.294	1.117
2020	0.478	4.450	90.184	1.043	1.751	0.512	0.639	0.298	1.120
2021	0.478	4.450	90.184	1.043	1.751	0.512	0.639	0.299	1.120
2022	0.478	4.450	90.183	1.043	1.751	0.512	0.639	0.299	1.120
2023	0.478	4.450	90.183	1.043	1.751	0.512	0.639	0.299	1.120
2024	0.478	4.450	90.183	1.043	1.751	0.512	0.639	0.299	1.120

VDA of DLOG(GINI):
Period	S.E.	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.023	0.010	7.598	92.391	0	0	0	0	0
2016	0.023	0.086	7.557	90.966	1.020	0.292	0.001	0.041	0.033
2017	0.023	0.308	7.649	89.897	1.089	0.963	0.001	0.056	0.033
2018	0.023	0.311	7.648	89.879	1.098	0.964	0.003	0.056	0.037
2019	0.023	0.311	7.680	89.833	1.105	0.965	0.003	0.057	0.041
2020	0.023	0.312	7.681	89.829	1.107	0.96	0.003	0.058	0.041
2021	0.023	0.312	7.680	89.826	1.107	0.965	0.004	0.058	0.044
2022	0.023	0.312	7.680	89.826	1.107	0.965	0.004	0.058	0.044
2023	0.023	0.312	7.680	89.826	1.107	0.965	0.004	0.058	0.044
2024	0.023	0.312	7.680	89.826	1.107	0.965	0.004	0.058	0.044

VDA of DLOG (UNEMP):
Period	S.E.	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.242	0.016	2.218	0.101	97.663	0	0	0	0
2017	0.261	0.584	2.024	0.178	92.177	0.218	1.956	1.917	0.942
2018	0.261	0.584	2.035	0.212	91.805	0.266	1.988	2.138	0.968
2019	0.262	0.604	2.031	0.218	91.695	0.267	1.996	2.148	1.036
2020	0.262	0.605	2.030	0.222	91.678	0.267	1.998	2.157	1.038
2021	0.262	0.605	2.030	0.223	91.670	0.267	2.002	2.161	1.038
2022	0.262	0.606	2.030	0.223	91.666	0.267	2.003	2.161	1.040
2023	0.262	0.606	2.030	0.223	91.666	0.267	2.003	2.161	1.040
2024	0.262	0.606	2.030	0.223	91.666	0.267	2.003	2.161	1.040

VDA of DLOG(GDPPC):
Period	S.E.	DLOG (CRIME)	DLOG (POVHCR)	DLOG (GINI)	DLOG (UNEMP)	DLOG (EDUEXP)	DLOG (HEXP)	DLOG (TOP)	DLOG (GDPPC)
2015	0.034	2.255	2.080	0.723	7.336	1.314	18.038	0.441	67.808
2016	0.036	2.418	2.198	0.660	7.015	1.205	17.927	0.633	67.940
2017	0.037	2.424	2.182	0.858	7.475	1.373	16.925	1.364	67.396
2018	0.037	2.396	2.160	0.974	7.419	1.430	16.782	1.352	67.484
2019	0.037	2.399	2.183	1.040	7.403	1.435	16.751	1.354	67.431
2020	0.037	2.397	2.185	1.051	7.402	1.436	16.737	1.353	67.434
2021	0.037	2.397	2.189	1.055	7.403	1.436	16.733	1.354	67.430
2022	0.037	2.397	2.189	1.056	7.403	1.436	16.732	1.354	67.430
2023	0.037	2.397	2.189	1.056	7.403	1.436	16.732	1.354	67.430
2024	0.037	2.397	2.189	1.056	7.403	1.436	16.732	1.354	67.430

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