Dynamic linkages between poverty, inequality, crime, and social expenditures in a panel of 16 countries: two-step GMM estimates

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 6 PPG, education, healthcare assessment and crime rates in five different growth phases

PPG assessment and crime rate
Years	IEP	GEP	TPE	PPG index	PPG decision	Crime elasticity of poverty (CEP)
1990–1994	− 0.630	− 0.023	− 0.629	27.347	Pro-poor	0.081
1995–1999	0.517	− 0.187	0.330	− 1.764	Anti-poor	0.051
2000–2004	0.292	− 0.056	0.236	− 4.714	Anti-poor	− 0.008
2005–2009	0.520	− 0.205	0.315	− 1.536	Anti-poor	0.022
2010–2014	0.177	− 0.019	0.158	− 8.315	Anti-poor	− 0.029

Pro-poor education (PPE) assessment and crime rate
Years	IEP	Education elasticity of Poverty (EEP)	TPE	PPE index	PPE decision	CEP
1990−1994	− 0.734	0.064	− 0.670	− 10.468	Anti-poor	0.077
1995−1999	0.362	− 0.278	0.084	− 0.302	Anti-poor	0.058
2000−2004	0.160	− 0.057	0.103	− 1.807	Anti-poor	− 0.005
2005−2009	− 0.259	− 0.132	− 0.391	2.962	Pro-poor	0.075
2010− 2014	0.057	0.148	0.205	1.385	Pro-poor	− 0.037

Pro-poor health (PPH) assessment and crime rate
Years	IEP	Health Elasticity of Poverty (HEP)	TPE	PPH Index	PPH Decision	CEP
1990− 1994	− 0.585	− 0.036	− 0.621	17.25	Pro-poor	0.087
1995− 1999	0.625	− 0.192	0.433	− 2.255	Anti-poor	0.088
2000− 2004	− 0.045	0.040	− 0.005	− 0.125	Anti-poor	− 3.60E−05
2005− 2009	0.303	− 0.145	0.158	− 1.089	Anti-poor	0.057
2010− 2014	0.065	0.018	0.083	4.611	Pro− poor	− 0.028