The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 1 A social accounting matrix with surplus and externalities
Activities | Commodities | Factors | Households | Government | Capital formation | ROW | Project | Total cash outflow | Social welfare (real Income effects) | Ecosystem services (water, soil, et.) | Externalities (pollution, waste, etc.) | Natural capital | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activities | Domestic production | Income firms | By products | ||||||||||
Commodities | I–O | Consumer expenditure | Public expenditure | Capital goods expenditure (investment) | Exports | Capex + Opex | Demand | ||||||
Factors | Value added | Factor employment abroad | Net margins (gross margins—Capex-Opex) + labor costs | Income factors | |||||||||
Households | Value added | Finance (loans and equity) | Remittances from abroad | Income households | Consumer surplus | ||||||||
Government | Indirect taxes | Indirect taxes | Direct taxes | Transfers | Finance | Taxes | Project taxes | Income Gov | |||||
Capital formation | Savings | Savings | Savings | Project principals + interests and dividends | Savings | ||||||||
Rest of the world | Imports | Inc factor | Imports | Imports | Finance | Out FOREX | |||||||
Project | Purchases from project | Consumers’ purchases from project output | Project subsidies | Project financing | Income project | Project by products | |||||||
Total market transactions | Cost to firms | Supply | Factor expenditure | Households expenditure | Gov. expenditure | Investment | In Forex | ||||||
Social welfare | Consumer surplus | ||||||||||||
Ecosystem services | Intermediate demand | Intermediate demand | Welfare costs | Sink | |||||||||
Externalities (waste, emissions, etc.) | Intermediate demand | Intermediate demand | Welfare costs | Sink | |||||||||
Natural capital | Soil degradation, fires, reduction of fertility | Losses of ecosystem services, losses of non use values | Pollution abatement and other environmental costs (disposal, health, etc.) | CO2 accumulation (climate change costs) |