The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 3 R&D expenditure equation
Variables | Marginal effects on R&D expenditure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
HHI index | 0.537 (0.558) | 0.463 (0.563) | 0.519 (0.556) | 0.458 (0.543) | 0.399 (0.565) |
MH | 0.127** (0.0583) | 0.125** (0.0591) | 0.123** (0.0587) | 0.123** (0.0577) | 0.123** (0.0594) |
ASEAN (log) | − 0.0173 (0.0394) | − 0.0112 (0.0396) | − 0.0149 (0.0393) | − 0.0105 (0.0389) | − 0.0102 (0.0394) |
Export status | 0.0570* (0.0337) | ||||
New entry firm | − 0.0142 (0.0436) | ||||
Non-exporter firm | − 0.0260 (0.0317) | ||||
Continuing exporting firm | 0.0747** (0.0350) | ||||
Exit firm | − 0.0488 (0.0425) | ||||
Employment (log) | 0.0652*** (0.00986) | 0.0711*** (0.00956) | 0.0669*** (0.0104) | 0.0644*** (0.00979) | 0.0724*** (0.00972) |
Age (log) | − 0.0146 (0.0258) | − 0.0132 (0.0258) | − 0.0152 (0.0258) | − 0.0199 (0.0257) | − 0.0159 (0.0256) |
Foreign ownership (%) | − 0.101** (0.0462) | − 0.0695 (0.0423) | − 0.0767* (0.0430) | − 0.0879** (0.0428) | − 0.0725* (0.0425) |
Country fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sector fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.269 | 0.265 | 0.265 | 0.273 | 0.268 |