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The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 Product innovation and process innovation equation

From: Innovation, firm productivity, and export survival: firm-level evidence from ASEAN developing countries

Variables

Marginal effects on product innovation

Marginal effects on process innovation

R&D expenditure

0.166** (0.0703)

0.281*** (0.0486)

Years of education

0.0181* (0.0102)

0.0165* (0.00880)

Employment (log)

0.0211 (0.0143)

0.0448*** (0.0128)

Age (log)

0.0783* (0.0413)

0.0285 (0.0330)

Foreign ownership (%)

− 0.0267 (0.0610)

− 0.0996 (0.0655)

Export status

− 0.0465 (0.0458)

0.0102 (0.0458)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Sector fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Year fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Observations

617

607

Pseudo-R2

0.179

0.261

  1. Standard errors in parentheses
  2. Source: author’s calculations using the World Bank Enterprise Survey
  3. ***p < 0.01
  4. **p < 0.05
  5. *p < 0.1