The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Region | Backward effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2005 | 2000–2010 | 2000–2014 | |||||||
Total | Intra | Inter | Total | Intra | Inter | Total | Intra | Inter | |
BRA | − 8.8 | 91.0 | 9.0 | − 15.4 | 91.4 | 8.6 | − 20.3 | 91.8 | 8.2 |
CHN | − 7.4 | 76.1 | 23.9 | − 13.6 | 71.6 | 28.4 | − 17.8 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
DEU | − 8.1 | 70.2 | 29.8 | − 15.8 | 71.1 | 28.9 | − 20.9 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
FRA | − 7.8 | 77.0 | 23.0 | − 14.6 | 78.0 | 22.0 | − 20.3 | 78.5 | 21.5 |
GBR | − 7.6 | 71.9 | 28.1 | − 13.8 | 71.5 | 28.5 | − 18.5 | 71.2 | 28.8 |
JPN | − 8.8 | 84.7 | 15.3 | − 15.1 | 82.0 | 18.0 | − 19.9 | 81.2 | 18.8 |
USA | − 10.5 | 91.8 | 8.2 | − 17.2 | 90.6 | 9.4 | − 22.9 | 90.6 | 9.4 |
RoW | − 7.9 | 81.2 | 18.8 | − 14.4 | 82.1 | 17.9 | − 19.0 | 81.7 | 18.3 |
Region | Forward effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2005 | 2000–2010 | 2000–2014 | |||||||
Total | Intra | Inter | Total | Intra | Inter | Total | Intra | Inter | |
BRA | − 8.8 | 92.4 | 7.6 | − 15.4 | 92.6 | 7.4 | − 19.8 | 92.5 | 7.5 |
CHN | − 11.0 | 89.3 | 10.7 | − 18.2 | 87.9 | 12.1 | − 22.0 | 87.6 | 12.4 |
DEU | − 9.0 | 81.9 | 18.1 | − 16.7 | 82.3 | 17.7 | − 21.6 | 81.6 | 18.4 |
FRA | − 10.3 | 87.6 | 12.4 | − 18.5 | 87.2 | 12.8 | − 24.5 | 86.7 | 13.3 |
GBR | − 10.8 | 82.7 | 17.3 | − 18.6 | 81.8 | 18.2 | − 24.0 | 81.7 | 18.3 |
JPN | − 10.6 | 94.5 | 5.5 | − 17.5 | 93.4 | 6.6 | − 22.8 | 93.3 | 6.7 |
USA | − 11.4 | 95.7 | 4.3 | − 18.4 | 95.1 | 4.9 | − 23.5 | 95.1 | 4.9 |
RoW | − 10.0 | 89.1 | 10.9 | − 17.4 | 89.4 | 10.6 | − 22.2 | 89.4 | 10.6 |