Asymmetric relationships between information and communication technology (ICT), globalization, and human development in India: evidence from non-linear ARDL analysis

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 Unit root test results

Variables	ADF			PP			KPSS
Variables	Level	1st difference	Inferences	Level	1st difference	Inferences	Level	1st difference	Inferences
LnHDI	0.060	− 1.442		0.357	− 1.441		0.110	0.178	I(0)
LnKOFGI	− 0.050	− 4.755*	I(1)	2.600	− 3.883**	I(1)	0.186	0.500*	I(0)
LnMD	− 0.863	− 5.472*	I(1)	− 1.075	− 5.472*	I(1)	0.192	0.138	I(0)
LnID	− 1.132	− 5.199*	I(1)	− 0.211	− 5.821*	I(1)	0.190	0.178	I(0)

Source: authors’ estimation from UNDP, WDI, and ETH Zurich KOF data
The value of ADF for 1%, 5% and 10% are − 4.339, − 3.588, and − 3.229, respectively
The value of PP for 1%, 5% and 10% are − 4.324, 3.581, and − 3.225, respectively
The value of KPSS for 1%, 5% and 10% are 0.216, 0.146, and 0.119, respectively
* and ** imply significant at 1% and 5%, level, respectively