Asymmetric relationships between information and communication technology (ICT), globalization, and human development in India: evidence from non-linear ARDL analysis

Behera, Jayanti; Sahoo, Dukhabandhu

doi:10.1186/s40008-022-00269-5

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 7 Results of NARDL model

From: Asymmetric relationships between information and communication technology (ICT), globalization, and human development in India: evidence from non-linear ARDL analysis

Variables	Without dummy variables		With dummy variables
Variables	Coefficients	Probability	Coefficients	Probability
LnHDI (− 1)	0.479* (0.153)	0.017	0.314 (0.178)	0.137
LnHDI (− 2)	0.247 (0.144)	0.129	0.514** (0.205)	0.054
Long run
LnKOFGI_POS	− 0.342* (0.065)	0.001	− 0.423* (0.082)	0.004
LnKOFGI_NEG	− 5.678** (2.220)	0.038	− 1.862 (2.922)	0.552
LnMD_POS	0.013** (0.006)	0.058	0.015** (0.005)	0.037
LnMD_NEG	0.001 (0.005)	0.907	0.001 (0.005)	0.843
LnID_POS	0.004 (0.004)	0.282	0.005 (0.003)	0.135
LnID_NEG	0.137** (0.048)	0.023	0.061 (0.061)	0.361
Short run
LnKOFGI_POS (− 1)	0.148 (0.086)	0.131	0.153*** (0.077)	0.104
LnKOFGI_NEG (− 1)	− 5.741** (2.093)	0.029	− 2.141 (2.757)	0.473
LnKOFGI_NEG (− 2)	47.662*** (22.563)	0.073	8.919 (29.698)	0.776
LnMD_POS (− 1)	0.009 (0.006)	0.203	0.009 (0.005)	0.148
LnMD_POS (− 2)	− 0.003 (0.003)	0.416	− 0.005 (0.003)	0.164
LnMD_NEG (− 1)	0.008 (0.005)	0.159	0.007 (0.004)	0.138
LnID_POS (− 1)	0.008** (0.003)	0.043	0.007** (0.003)	0.052
LnID_POS (− 2)	− 0.010* (0.002)	0.004	− 0.008** (0.003)	0.054
LnID_NEG (− 1)	0.151* (0.046)	0.013	0.080 (0.056)	0.208
LnID_NEG (− 2)	− 2.234*** (1.061)	0.073	− 0.410 (1.396)	0.781
C	− 2.984*** (1.427)	0.075	− 0.490 (1.890)	0.806
TRAI dummy			− 0.008 (0.010)	0.462
FC dummy			− 0.005*** (0.002)	0.077
Diagnostics result	R²		0.99	0.99
	F statistics		6095.052	7811.157
	Probability		0.000	0.000
	Durbin–Watson test statistic		2.311	2.476
NARDL bounds test (null hypothesis: no long-run relationships exist)
F statistics	7.814*
Critical value bounds	Significance		I 0 Bound	I 1 Bound
	1%		3.15	4.43
	2.5%		2.75	3.99
	5%		2.45	3.61
	10%		2.12	3.23

NARDL cointegration and long-run form
Variables	Coefficients	Probability
Coint Eq (− 1)	− 0.274* (0.053)	0.001
Long run
LnKOFGI_POS	− 0.709 (0.448)	0.158
LnKOFGI_NEG	132.312** (55.265)	0.048
LnMD_POS	0.068** (0.023)	0.022
LnMD_NEG	0.031 (0.020)	0.172
LnID_POS	0.009 (0.009)	0.336
LnID_NEG	− 7.104** (2.896)	0.044
C	− 10.894** (4.160)	0.035

Source: authors’ estimation from UNDP, WDI, and ETH Zurich KOF data
*, **, and *** imply significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively

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