Table 8 Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis

Y → CO₂

5.023b

(0.0265)

Feedback

CO₂ → Y

25.475a

(1.E−06)

Y² → CO₂

1.226c

(0.0965)

Feedback

CO₂ → Y²

3.699b

(0.0273)

ICT → CO₂

0.015

(0.9002)

One-way

CO₂ → ICT

0.003

(0.9543)

INSQ → CO₂

4.459b

(0.0364)

One-way

CO₂ → INSQ

0.049

(0.8239)

EG → CO₂

6.587b

(0.0113)

One-way

CO₂ → EG

2.221

(0.1383)

R → CO₂

1.819

(0.1795)

One-way

CO₂ → R

5.072b

(0.0258)

FF → CO₂

2.051

(0.1543)

No causality

CO₂ → FF

0.978

(0.3243)