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The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 Scale economies estimates

From: Efficiency, and economies of scale and scope in Japanese agricultural cooperatives

 

Urban area

Rural area

OSE

PSSE1

PSSE2

PSSE3

OSE

PSSE1

PSSE2

PSSE3

2004

− 0.2238***

− 0.0492*

− 0.0344***

− 0.1320***

− 0.3706***

0.0659

− 0.0141**

− 0.1326***

2005

− 0.1840***

− 0.0579**

− 0.0313***

− 0.1331***

− 0.3706***

0.0531

− 0.0103

− 0.1306***

2006

− 0.2302***

− 0.0502*

− 0.0284***

− 0.1318***

− 0.3755***

0.0694

− 0.0088

− 0.1323***

2007

− 0.2513***

− 0.0448*

− 0.0253***

− 0.1314***

− 0.3958***

0.0815*

− 0.0063

− 0.1325***

2008

− 0.2212***

− 0.0514**

− 0.0224***

− 0.1326***

− 0.3648***

0.0678

− 0.0043

− 0.1313***

2009

− 0.2254***

− 0.0539**

− 0.0215***

− 0.1320***

− 0.3681***

0.0639

− 0.0039

− 0.1319***

2010

− 0.2350***

− 0.0559**

− 0.0245***

− 0.1303***

− 0.3804***

0.0606

− 0.0062

− 0.1331***

2011

− 0.1886***

− 0.0637**

− 0.0234***

− 0.1325***

− 0.3331***

0.0446

− 0.0060

− 0.1313***

2012

− 0.1929***

− 0.0656**

− 0.0264***

− 0.1315***

− 0.3355***

0.0420

− 0.0084

− 0.1320***

2013

− 0.1766***

− 0.0655**

− 0.0226***

− 0.1329***

− 0.3163***

0.0396

− 0.0063

− 0.1303***

2014

− 0.1881***

− 0.0667**

− 0.0240***

− 0.1318***

− 0.3229***

0.0390

− 0.0071

− 0.1312***

2015

− 0.2260***

− 0.0621**

− 0.0272***

− 0.1289***

− 0.3579***

0.0486

− 0.0105

− 0.1330***

2016

− 0.2750***

− 0.0553**

− 0.0329***

− 0.1228***

− 0.4095***

0.0621

− 0.0152**

− 0.1332***

2017

− 0.2584***

− 0.0577**

− 0.0349***

− 0.1244***

− 0.3931***

0.0590

− 0.0157**

− 0.1334***

2018

− 0.3011***

− 0.0239

− 0.0795***

− 0.1215***

− 0.4349***

0.1303**

− 0.0645***

− 0.1333***

2019

− 0.2790***

− 0.0234

− 0.0858***

− 0.1248***

− 0.4116***

0.1330**

− 0.0715***

− 0.1334***

Total

− 0.2280***

− 0.0563**

− 0.0303***

− 0.1303***

− 0.3706***

0.0611

− 0.0116*

− 0.1328***

  1. ***, **, and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively, using the Wald test