The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 12 Summary of variables
From: Does innovative capacity affect the deindustrialization process? A panel data analysis
Variable ranking | Variables | Description | Source | Expected signal | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | LN OUTSHARE | Logarithm of value added of the manufacturing sector, as a proportion of GDP | World Bank | Not available | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999) |
LN EMPSHARE | Logarithm of Industrial Employment, as a proportion of total Employment | World Bank | Not available | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999) | |
H_TECH_EXP | Export of High Technology products, as a proportion of the export of manufacturing | World Bank | Not available | ||
Innovation capacity variables | R&D | Expenditure on R&D as a proportion of GDP | World Bank | + | Nelson (1993); Fagerberg and Srholec (2009); Castellaci and Natera (2013) |
RESEARCHERS | Researchers in R&D per capita (per million people) | World Bank | + | ||
TECHNICIANS | R&D technicians per capita (per million people) | World Bank | + | ||
ARTICLE | Articles published in technical and scientific journals covered by SCI and SSCI | World Bank | + | Archibugi and Coco (2004); Grupp (2007); Santos (2017); Ribeiro (2019) | |
PATENTS | Patent Applications (Resident and Non-Resident) | World Bank | + | Archibugi e Coco (2004); Grupp (2007); Santos (2017); Ribeiro (2019) | |
TRADEMARK | Trademark Registration Requests (Resident and Non-Resident) | World Bank | + | ||
INDOUT | PhD students, expressed as a percentage of the population of higher education age | World Bank | + | Fagerberg and Srholec (2009); Castellaci and Natera (2013); Jaguaribe (2015); Grupp and Mogee (2004) | |
INCENG | Students in science, engineering, industrial production, expressed as a percentage of the population of higher education age | World Bank | + | Freeman (1995); Fagerberg and Srholec (2009); Grupp and Mogee (2004) | |
INES | Number of gross enrollments in Higher Education, as a proportion of the population of higher education age | World Bank | + | ||
Control variables | LN Y | Logarithm of GDP per capita, in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), in international dollars and constant 2011 values | World Bank | + | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999); Rowthorn and Coutts (2004); Marconi and Rocha (2012); Rodrik (2015); Haraguchi et al. (2017) |
(LN Y)2 | Logarithm square of GDP per capita, in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), in international dollars and constant 2011 values | World Bank | − | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999); Rowthorn and Coutts (2004); Marconi and Rocha (2012); Rodrik (2015); Haraguchi et al. (2017) | |
LN RELPRICE | Logarithm of implicit manufacturing deflator to GDP deflator ratio | UN / National Account-AMA | ± | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999); Marconi and Rocha (2013) | |
FIXCAP | Gross Fixed Capital Formation as a proportion of GDP | World Bank | + | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999) | |
TRADEBAL | Trade Balance, as a proportion of GDP | World Bank | + | Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999) | |
RER | Effective Real Exchange Rate Index (2010 = 100) | World Bank/EUROSTAT | + | Marconi and Rocha (2012) | |
RIR | Interest Rate Real, in % | World Bank | − | Sonaglio et al. (2010) |