Implications of AI innovation on economic growth: a panel data study

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 1 Summary statistics

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Variable	N	n	Mean	Std. Dev
Real GDP per capita (USD)	2080	208	11,990.25	20,181.72
Real GDP per capita growth rate (%)	1936	208	1.30	3.55
AI patents per million people	2165	217	98.14	475.69
Total patents per million people	2165	217	9532.16	31,989.98
Population	2170	217	25,300,000	105,000,000
Population growth rate (%)	2163	217	1.35	1.32
Gross capital formation per capita	1927	207	2809.10	4658.01
Gross capital formation per capita growth rate (%)	1924	207	1.41	8.10
Government expenditure per capita	1925	207	2308.52	3692.08
Government expenditure per capita growth rate (%)	1923	207	1.45	5.07
Human capital index	1387	145	2.19	0.73
Human capital index growth rate (%)	1386	145	0.77	0.58
Trade ratio to GDP (%)	1839	196	76.45	58.56
Inflation (%)	1928	207	2.86	5.34

All variables are 5-year averages except for patent variables, which are the total number of patents over the 5-year period divided by the 5-year average of population, and then multiplied by 1 million. Values appearing in the table are based on the author’s calculation using the datasets available from the Google Patents Public Data, the Penn World Table, the World Bank Development Indicators, and the United Nations National Accounts—Analysis of Main Aggregates