The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 11 First-stage FE-IV regression results
From: Implications of AI innovation on economic growth: a panel data study
Instruments | Instrumented Variables | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Log of AI patents per million people | (2) Advanced × Log of AI patents per million people | (3) Log of total patents per million people | (4) Advanced × Log of total patents per million people | |
Log of cited non-patent literature | 0.182*** (0.038) | − 0.060*** (0.020) | 0.172*** (0.033) | 0.001 (0.011) |
Log of cited non-patent literature (t − 1) | 0.058* (0.032) | 0.010 (0.021) | 0.088*** (0.027) | 0.011 (0.011) |
Advanced × Log of cited non-patent literature | − 0.048 (0.049) | 0.240*** (0.040) | 0.009 (0.040) | 0.253*** (0.024) |
Advanced × Log of cited non-patent literature (t − 1) | 0.007 (0.034) | 0.101*** 0.031) | − 0.022 (0.020) | 0.012 (0.014) |
Real GDP growth rate per capita (t − 1) | 0.064*** (0.021) | 0.020 (0.015) | 0.016 (0.013) | 0.006 (0.005) |
Log of real GDP per capita (t − 1) | 1.484*** (0.365) | 0.332 (0.303) | 1.090*** (0.306) | 0.116 (0.109) |
Population growth rate | − 0.111** (0.048) | − 0.049 (0.044) | − 0.132*** (0.037) | − 0.101*** (0.022) |
Gross capital formation growth rate (per capita) | − 0.003 (0.012) | − 0.00567 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.003 (0.002) |
Government expenditure growth rate (per capita) | 0.075*** (0.023) | 0.026 (0.022) | 0.016 (0.010) | 0.006 (0.004) |
Trade openness (5-year average) | − 0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | − 0.000 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) |
Human capital index growth rate | − 0.223** (0.112) | − 0.090 (0.077) | − 0.098 (0.068) | − 0.030 (0.035) |
Inflation (5-year average) | − 0.007 (0.014) | − 0.002 (0.011) | 0.005 (0.008) | − 0.004 (0.004) |
Advanced economy (dummy) | 0.290 (0.411) | 2.201*** (0.437) | 0.102 (0.411) | 5.511*** (0.283) |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 326 | 326 | 836 | 836 |
n | 65 | 65 | 135 | 135 |