Table 3 Scenario description

Baseline scenario

Estimate the multiplier value using IFPRI-SAM multiplier model without CSA interventions. Since our focus is on Paddy and Wheat, we are assuming puddled transplanted paddy and direct seeded wheat are the baseline technology as most of the Indian farmers follow these methods of cultivation across states

Scenario 1: Direct Seeded Rice and Zero tillage wheat

Economy-wide impact of different CSA practices. Here we have changed the input–output coefficient of ‘M’ matrix corresponding to paddy and wheat activity

Scenario 2: Systems of Rice Intensifications and Systems of Wheat Intensification

Scenario 3: Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) of Paddy and Wheat

Scenario 4: Change in cropping pattern

Here an overall shift in final demand from Rice and Wheat to alternative foodgrains such as Maize, Sorghum, and Millet has been considered. A modest 10% rice and wheat cultivation area is substituted with maize, sorghum, and millet sectors, which comparatively require the same or lesser input requirements in terms of fertilizer, labor, and water requirements. Additionally, in this scenario a comparison has been made of the multiplier effects and outcomes of the alternative foodgrains in relation to the traditional Rice and Wheat sectors. There are no changes in technological coefficients in this scenario but rather a comparison of the multiplier effects of the varying sectors