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The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 4 Input-wise changes and yield increase in scenarios compared to traditional farming practices (in percentage)

From: Economy-wide impact of climate smart agriculture in India: a SAM framework

Input changes

Scenario 1 (DSR-ZT)

Scenario 2 (SRI-SWI)

Scenario 3 (ZBNF)

Rice

Wheat

Rice

Wheat

Rice

Wheat

Fertilizer usage

− 20

− 0

− 21

0

− 90

− 90

Labour usage

− 44

− 30

− 17

− 17

 + 9.5

 + 9.5

Fuel usage

− 40

− 70

− 37

0

− 70

− 70

Chemical

− 30

− 30

 + 20

 + 20

− 100

− 100

Water usage

− 20

− 30

− 20

− 20

− 60

− 60

Emission reduction

− 33

− 21

− 36

0

− 89

− 89

Yield increase

 + 5

 + 12

 + 22

 + 30

 + 16

 + 16

  1. Source: (Jackson 2009; Laxmi, Erenstein, & Gupta 2007; Abrol, Gupta, & Malik 2005; Pathak & Aggarwal 2012; Dhar et al. 2016; Nirmala et al. 2021; Nayar et al. 2020; Jain et al. 2014; Biswas 2020; Suresh et al. 2020)
  2. Yield increase highlighted in bold indicates the productivity of the respective crop cultivation in the respective scenarios