Economy-wide impact of climate smart agriculture in India: a SAM framework

Journal of Economic Structures

The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)

Table 9 Backward and Forward linkages of major cereals

Maize		Sorghum & Millets		Rice		Wheat
Backward linkages of major cereals
Maize	0.237	Sorghum & Millets	0.088	Rice	0.066	Wheat	0.053
Fertilizer	0.047	Petroleum	0.043	Electricity	0.060	Electricity	0.042
Electricity	0.039	Financial services	0.024	Fertilizer	0.050	Fertilizer	0.038
Petroleum	0.036	Insurances	0.021	Petroleum	0.036	Petroleum	0.020
Small ruminants	0.025	Electricity	0.021	Financial services	0.016	Financial services	0.016
Financial services	0.023	Fertilizer	0.020	Insurances	0.014	Other crops	0.015
Insurances	0.020	Small ruminants	0.011	Construction	0.011	Insurances	0.014
Other livestocks	0.017	Other livestocks	0.008	Small ruminants	0.010	Construction	0.009
Cattle	0.010	Construction	0.005	Other livestock	0.007	Small ruminants	0.005
Construction	0.007	Cattle	0.005	Wheat	0.005	Machinery	0.005
Machinery	0.001	Machinery	0.001	Machinery	0.005	Other livestock	0.004
Forward linkages of major cereals
Maize milling	0.261	Sorghum & Millets Milling	0.176	Rice Milling	0.931	Eggs	0.283
Maize	0.237	Sorghum & Millets	0.088	Beverages	0.141	Poultry	0.273
Beverages	0.034	Beverages	0.010	Rice	0.066	Wheat milling	0.148
Fertilizer	0.005	Fertilizer	0.001	Public administration	0.027	Beverages	0.141
Chemicals	0.004	Chemicals	0.001	Other foods	0.008	Wheat	0.053
Pharmaceuticals	0.004	Pharmaceuticals	0.001	Grams	0.006	Small Ruminants	0.051
Public administration	0.002	Public administration	0.001	Flowers	0.005	Cattle	0.051
Aquaculture	0.002	Aquaculture	0.001	Cocoa	0.005	Public administration	0.048
Capture fishes	0.002	Capture fishes	0.001	Irish Potato	0.005	Other livestock	0.047
Flowers	0.001			Cassava	0.005	Restaurants	0.045

Source: Authors’ calculations
The backward linkages presented here are column sums of the technical coefficients Aij, also known as direct backward linkages and can be considered as a measure of production dependency of the respective activity sector upon other commodities sector as inputs or interindustry supply. Similarly, the forward linkages here are the row sums of the technical coefficients Aij, known as direct forward linkages and can be considered as a simple measure of dependency of activity sector upon interindustry demand (Miller and Blair 2009)