The Official Journal of the Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS)
Table 4 Panel causality for West Africa countries.
Null hypothesis | Obs | F-Statistics | Prob |
|---|---|---|---|
FD≠>ES ES≠>FD | 144 | 3.10786 0.67773 | 0.0488 0.5099 |
GR≠>ES ES≠>GR | 144 | 1.79361 0.15864 | 0.1713 0.8535 |
INSTQ≠>ES ES≠>INSTQ | 144 | 1.75248 0.15864 | 0.1783 0.0050 |
INT≠>ES ES≠>INT | 144 | 0.19655 0.65941 | 0.8219 0.5192 |
EXR≠>ES ES≠>EXR | 144 | 0.13065 0.38273 | 0.8777 0.6829 |
GR≠>FD FD≠>GR | 144 | 0.84019 0.41050 | 0.4345 0.6644 |
INSTQ≠>FD FD≠>INSTQ | 144 | 0.42289 0.21113 | 0.6562 0.8100 |
INT≠>FD FD≠>INT | 144 | 0.07090 0.16230 | 0.9316 0.8504 |
EXR≠>FD FD≠>EXR | 144 | 0.04475 0.01800 | 0.9316 0.9822 |
INSTQ≠>GR GR≠>INSTQ | 144 | 3.36277 6.41813 | 0.0383 0.0023 |
INT≠>GR GR≠>INT | 144 | 0.49187 0.38319 | 0.6129 0.6826 |
EXR≠>GR GR≠>EXR | 144 | 0.19320 0.26473 | 0.8246 0.7679 |
INT≠>INSTQ INSTQ≠>INT | 144 | 1.18541 0.62261 | 0.3096 0.5385 |
EXR≠>INSTQ INSTQ≠>EXR | 144 | 0.00545 0.16520 | 0.9946 0.8479 |
EXR≠>INT INT≠>EXR | 144 | 0.12578 0.72627 | 0.8819 0.4861 |